New research suggests that the sun’s magnetic field originates much closer to its surface than previously believed, a discovery that could significantly improve the accuracy of solar storm forecasts affecting Earth and its technological systems.
An international team of scientists has found that the magnetic field of our sun is generated about 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometers) beneath the solar surface. This is a stark contrast to earlier estimates that placed the origin more than 130,000 miles deep. The study, published in the journal Nature, could pave the way for better predictions of space weather phenomena that have widespread implications for global communications, navigation systems, and power grids.
“We still don’t understand the sun well enough to make accurate predictions of space weather,” said lead author Geoffrey Vasil from the University of Edinburgh. “Our findings are an important step toward resolving the mysteries of the solar dynamo—the mechanism that powers the sun’s magnetic field.”
The sun’s magnetic energy drives solar flares and coronal mass ejections, explosive events that can disrupt satellites, communication networks, and even terrestrial power infrastructure. Earlier this month, the Earth experienced intense solar storms that not only produced spectacular auroras but also raised concerns about the vulnerability of modern technology.
By developing new computational models of how the sun’s magnetic field interacts with the flow of plasma on its surface, the researchers were able to simulate solar dynamics with unprecedented detail. They utilized a NASA supercomputer in Northern California to process their calculations, revealing that the magnetic field operates much closer to the surface than previously thought.
“Our modeling offers a new perspective on the inner workings of the sun,” explained co-author Daniel Lecoanet of Northwestern University. “This improved understanding can enhance long-term solar forecasts, allowing us to better predict the strength and timing of future solar cycles.”
The sun is currently approaching the peak of its 11-year activity cycle, making the study’s findings particularly timely. A deeper comprehension of the solar dynamo could help mitigate the risks associated with severe solar storms, which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity.
Ellen Zweibel, a solar physicist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the study, commented on the significance of the research. “These results are intriguing and are sure to inspire future studies,” she noted in an accompanying editorial. “While the modeling is highly simplified, it opens new avenues for understanding solar behavior.”
The implications of this research are far-reaching, especially for regions heavily reliant on satellite technology and power grids. Improved solar storm forecasts could help governments and industries in Asia and around the world take proactive measures to protect critical infrastructure.
“Better understanding of the sun can ensure we are prepared for when the next storm—potentially much more dangerous—hits Earth,” Lecoanet emphasized.
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New study on sun's magnetic field may improve solar storm forecasts
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