China’s 41st Antarctic expedition has unveiled groundbreaking insights into polynyas—dynamic open-water zones in sea ice with far-reaching impacts on global climate and marine ecosystems. Researchers aboard the Xuelong and Xuelong-2 icebreakers mapped critical areas in the Amundsen and Ross Seas, shedding light on these natural ‘ice factories’ that shape Antarctica’s environmental balance.
Polynyas, which form when ferocious katabatic winds push newly formed ice away from coastal areas, act as key sites for heat exchange and biological productivity. Team member Sun Yongming described their role: “These regions continuously generate ice, which is then carried outward by winds. The Amundsen Sea polynya alone ranks as the fourth-largest ice-producing zone around Antarctica.”
Beyond their role in ice formation, polynyas foster rich marine ecosystems. Sun noted the Amundsen Sea polynya exhibits the highest biological productivity in Antarctica, providing vital clues about how coastal ecosystems adapt to climate shifts. “Understanding these processes helps us gauge their influence on ocean currents and atmospheric patterns worldwide,” he added.
Launched from Guangzhou in November 2024, the seven-month expedition supports infrastructure development at China’s Qinling Station while advancing polar research. With the team set to return in May 2025, their findings promise to enhance climate models and inform global strategies for addressing environmental challenges.
