China has taken a historic step toward consolidating its environmental governance with the release of its first-ever environmental code draft, unveiled during a session of the National People’s Congress (NPC) Standing Committee this week. The 1,188-article draft, divided into five chapters, integrates decades of laws and regulations into a unified framework targeting pollution control, ecological conservation, and green development.
Designed to systemize China’s environmental legislation—which includes over 30 laws and 100 administrative regulations since 1979—the code aims to fill legal gaps and strengthen enforcement. Wang Canfa, a law professor at China University of Political Science and Law, noted it would "enhance the authority of eco-environmental laws and streamline compliance." If adopted, it will become China’s second statutory code after the 2020 Civil Code.
The draft arrives as China reports progress in its environmental initiatives. In 2024, PM2.5 levels in cities dropped 2.7% year-on-year, while the country expanded its human-made forests by 4.45 million hectares. However, Shen Chunyao of the NPC’s Legislative Affairs Commission emphasized that building a "Beautiful China" still faces challenges, requiring sustained efforts to balance growth with nature.
A notable inclusion is a chapter dedicated to green and low-carbon development, outlining climate resilience strategies and international cooperation mandates. Lyu Zhongmei, vice chairperson of the NPC’s Environmental Protection Committee, called this a "significant feature" reflecting China’s intent to "lead global ecological progress." The draft also addresses diverse pollution sources, from soil contamination to electromagnetic radiation, and prioritizes ecosystem restoration for mountains, rivers, and wetlands.
Experts highlight the code’s dual focus: aligning economic development with environmental stewardship. Unlike nations prioritizing one over the other, China’s approach seeks a "harmonious modernization," said Wang. The document is now under review by lawmakers, with finalization expected to set a global benchmark for sustainable legislation.
