On November 8, Philippine President Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr. signed two new maritime laws: the “Philippine Maritime Zones Act” and the “Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act.” The legislation aims to define the country’s maritime zones and establish designated sea lanes for foreign vessels and aircraft passing through Philippine waters.
The move has drawn sharp criticism from China’s Foreign Affairs Ministry, which condemned the laws as infringements on China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights in the South China Sea. In an official statement, China reaffirmed its claims over disputed areas, citing historical context and international law to support its position.
China has made strong representations to the Philippine ambassador in Beijing, urging the Philippines to cease any unilateral actions that might escalate tensions in the region. “If the Philippines persists in undermining China’s legitimate rights and interests, China will take firm countermeasures,” the statement warned.
Maritime Zones and Sovereignty Claims
The “Philippine Maritime Zones Act” asserts the nation’s jurisdiction over its maritime zones, which, according to China, illegally includes Huangyan Dao (known internationally as Scarborough Shoal) and parts of the Nansha Qundao (Spratly Islands). China contends that this act violates previous international treaties that define the Philippines’ territorial scope, such as the 1898 Treaty of Paris and the 1900 Treaty of Washington.
Archipelagic Sea Lanes and Navigation Rights
The “Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act” designates specific sea lanes for foreign ships and aircraft, requiring them to navigate only through these prescribed routes. The law stipulates that any foreign vessel or aircraft violating the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) or infringing upon Philippine sovereignty may be denied passage, with enforcement by the Philippine Coast Guard.
Critics argue that this approach selectively interprets UNCLOS provisions. Article 53 of UNCLOS allows archipelagic states to designate sea lanes but also ensures the right of archipelagic sea lanes passage for all ships through normal routes used for international navigation. There are concerns that the Philippines is overstepping its authority by imposing domestic legislation that could impact international navigation rights.
Regional Implications
The enactment of these laws highlights ongoing territorial disputes in the South China Sea, a strategic and resource-rich area that several nations claim in part or in whole. The Philippines’ legislative actions are seen by some analysts as an attempt to solidify its claims in accordance with the 2016 South China Sea Arbitration ruling, which China has consistently rejected.
As tensions escalate, the international community watches closely. The developments underscore the complexities of maritime sovereignty, international law, and regional security dynamics in Asia.
Reference(s):
cgtn.com
